and ankles handcuffed, face down. The subject was transported to an emergency room; however, after he was placed on a wheel chair, he was found to be unconscious and was finally pronounced dead.
The reported cause of death was cardiorespiratory arrest caused by asphyxia as a result of strangulation and aspiration of gastric contents.

Case 6 - 1/78
The subject, who was a black male age 21, 81.8 kg, height 185.4 cm, was taken into custody for possibly being under the influence of PCP and reckless driving. The police had to use neck restraint in the arresting procedure. He was taken to jail, but then broke the restraints and had to be restrained again. Later in the evening, in his cell, he was found not to be breathing. Then he was taken to the hospital and was pronounced dead on arrival (DOA).
The reported cause of death was sudden cardiorespiratory collapse in a psychotic patient with severe stress and exhaustion after prolonged combativeness, sleeplessness, and refusal to take nourishment.

Case 7 - 2/78
The decedent, a black male age 34, 72.3 kg, height 177.8 cm, was combative while being arrested, so a bar arm control hold was used. He kicked the driver during transport, and, at the station, restraints were used and a bar arm control hold had to be used again. He was transported to another jail which had padded cells. During transport he was placed on a gurney, face down, but the subject appeared to be unconscious at that time. He was placed in a padded cell, but at that time the subject was not breathing. He was transported to the dispensary where all attempts failed to revive him.
The reported cause of death was asphyxia as a result of neck compression during restraining procedure. The other significant condition was interstitial myocardial fibrosis.

Case 8 - 7/78
The decedent, a black male, age 39, 58.6 kg, height 170.2 cm, had a family dispute, then turned on the officer on the scene, and the subject was eventually subdued by a "regular choke hold." When he became unconscious, he was cuffed and carried outside; he was still unconscious as the rescue ambulance arrived. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.
The reported cause of death was asphyxia as a result of neck compression during restraining procedure.

Case 9 - 1/80
The subject, a white male, age 32, 61.4 kg, height 172.7 cm, was stopped for a traffic violation. Getting out of the car, he brandished a knife The officers subdued him with a choke hold and placed him in the police car. At this point, he "passed out." He was transported to the hospital and died while in custody. The subject was a suspected drug dealer and abuser.
The reported cause of death was hypoxic encephalopathy as a result of respiratory arrest following struggle with police officers while in a state of acute ethanol and cocaine intoxication.

Case 10 - 3/80
The subject, a black male, age 41, 66.2 kg, height 167.6 cm, was in the lobby of a hotel, yelling and screaming at an off-duty officer. The officer applied a "bar arm control hold" on the decedent and he "went down." The paramedics were called and worked on the subject at the scene. They then transported him to a hospital where he was pronounced dead.
The reported cause of death was acute cardiorespiratory arrest as a result of carotid control hold of neck. The other significant condition was non-specific cardiomyopathy.

Case 11 - 3/82
The decedent, a white male age 21, 81.8 kg, height 182.9 cm, an apparent psychotic inmate in jail, put up a tremendous struggle several times, and was finally subdued by four detention officers. One applied a carotid artery choke hold "not more than 20 seconds," and the subject was placed in leather restraints attached to a cell bunk, face down. The inmate stopped struggling, developed a weak pulse and shallow breathing, and became cyanotic. A nurse and paramedics were called. He was resuscitated by the paramedics but expired a few days later in the hospital.
The reported cause of death was hypoxic encephalopathy, probable forearm strangulation.

Case 12
During the 1981 Sixth International Judo Federation (IJF) Medical Symposium in Maastricht, Netherlands, 31 Aug. 1981, Kjell Salling of Norway called attention to a fatal case as a result of choking. The death was reported in Paris, France, June 1954. The accident was published and reported by newspapers, Le Parisien Libere and France-Soir on 24 June 1954. The incident was also reported in the Official Bulletin of the French Judo Federation. Investigation revealed that the death was not in the sport of judo, but a method called "Vo et Vat" taught by a Vietnamese instructor. Vo et Vat was estimated to be a more violent form of judo. The method was not recognized by the French Judo Federation and the instructor was not a member of that organization.
The subject was a 34 year old male Vietnamese Vo et Vat instructor who was "choked" by one of his own students, age 17. For demonstration purposes, the student was ordered by the instructor to use all his strength when he applied a reverse cross choke (gyaku jujime). This choke is applied from above with the instructor lying on his back on the mat. The instructor was going to demonstrate a method of resistance and counter attack. The instructor was not able to counter attack, and the student, after the passing of "some minutes," exhausted by his effort, terminated the "choking." The instructor apparently died on the mat. His demise was witnessed by his students, who were sitting around the two demonstrating. A doctor was summoned, but he could only state that the instructor was dead. The autopsy findings were published in the Annales de Medicine Legale.
The reported cause of death was not only by mechanical asphyxia but also by compression of the vascular circulation to the brain.

Case 13
A 58-year-old retired janitor suffered cardiac arrest two years before and was successfully resuscitated, but showed evidence of hypoxic brain damage which caused personality changes.